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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- WHAT IS AN IDENTIFIER?
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- Before you can do anything in any language, you must at
- least know how you name an identifier. An identifier is
- used for any variable, function, data definition, etc. In
- the programming language C, an identifier is a combination
- of alphanumeric characters, the first being a letter of the
- alphabet or an underline, and the remaining being any letter
- of the alphabet, any numeric digit, or the underline. In
- the case of Turbo C, a dollar sign is permitted but not as
- the first character of an identifier. It should be pointed
- out that even though a dollar sign is permitted by the Turbo
- C compiler, it is not used anywhere in this tutorial since
- it is not in general use by C programmers, and is not even
- allowed by most compilers. If you do not plan to write any
- portable code, you can use it at will if you feel it makes
- your code more readable.
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- Two rules must be kept in mind when naming identifiers.
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- 1. The case of alphabetic characters is significant.
- Using "INDEX" for a variable is not the same as using
- "index" and neither of them is the same as using
- "InDeX" for a variable. All three refer to different
- variables.
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- 2. As Turbo C is defined, up to 32 significant characters
- can be used and will be considered significant. If
- more than 32 are used, they will be ignored by the
- compiler. You can reduce the number used to anything
- less than 32 if you desire as a compiler option. You
- should not do this for the duration of your study of
- this tutorial as you could get some odd compiler
- diagnostics.
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- WHAT ABOUT THE UNDERLINE?
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- Even though the underline can be used as part of a
- variable name, and adds greatly to the readability of the
- resulting code, it seems to be used very little by
- experienced C programmers. It adds greatly to the
- readability of a program to use descriptive names for
- variables and it would be to your advantage to do so.
- Pascal programmers tend to use long descriptive names, but
- most C programmers tend to use short cryptic names. Most of
- the example programs in this tutorial use very short names
- for that reason.
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- Any computer program has two entities to consider, the
- data, and the program. They are highly dependent on one
- another and careful planning of both will lead to a well
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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- planned and well written program. Unfortunately, it is not
- possible to study either completely without a good working
- knowledge of the other. For this reason, this tutorial will
- jump back and forth between teaching methods of program
- writing and methods of data definition. Simply follow
- along and you will have a good understanding of both. Keep
- in mind that, even though it seems expedient to sometimes
- jump right into the program coding, time spent planning the
- data structures will be well spent and the final program
- will reflect the original planning.
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- HOW THIS TUTORIAL IS WRITTEN
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- As you go through the example programs, you will find
- that every program is complete. There are no program
- fragments that could be confusing. This allows you to see
- every requirement that is needed to use any of the features
- of Turbo C as they are presented. Some tutorials I have
- seen give very few, and very complex examples. They really
- serve more to confuse the student. This tutorial is the
- complete opposite because it strives to cover each new
- aspect of programming in as simple a context as possible.
- This method, however, leads to a lack of knowledge in how
- the various parts are combined. For that reason, the last
- chapter is devoted entirely to using the features taught in
- the earlier chapters. It will illustrate how to put the
- various features together to create a usable program. They
- are given for your study, and are not completely explained.
- Enough details of their operation are given to allow you to
- understand how they work after you have completed all of the
- previous lessons.
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- At this point, you should load and run FIRSTEX.C if you
- have not yet done so, to see that the Turbo C compiler is
- properly loaded and operating. If you have any problems,
- see the COMPILER.DOC file for help in properly setting up
- your computer to compile and run Turbo C programs.
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- A DISCUSSION OF SOME OF THE FILES
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- LIST.EXE
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- This file will list the source files for you with line
- numbers and filename. To use it, simply type "LIST"
- followed by the appropriate filename. Type LIST FIRSTEX.C
- now for an example. The C source code is given later in
- Chapter 14 along with a brief description of its operation.
- After you have completed your study of Turbo C, you will
- have the ability to read and understand the source code for
- this program.
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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- PRINTALL.BAT
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- This is a batch file that will call the above LIST.EXE
- file once for each of the example C programs, printing all
- of the files out. If you want a hardcopy of all of the
- files, enter PRINTALL and watch as your printer fills about
- 150 sheets of paper with C programs.
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- Page 6
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